{"id":18552,"date":"2010-07-23T11:07:00","date_gmt":"2010-07-23T14:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/?post_type=publicacao&p=18552"},"modified":"2024-08-15T11:14:42","modified_gmt":"2024-08-15T14:14:42","slug":"la-economia-politica-del-petroleo-y-el-gas-en-america-latina","status":"publish","type":"publicacao","link":"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/es\/publicacao\/la-economia-politica-del-petroleo-y-el-gas-en-america-latina\/","title":{"rendered":"La Econom\u00eda Pol\u00edtica del Petr\u00f3leo y el Gas en Am\u00e9rica Latina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La reciente ola de nacionalizaciones e incrementos de los impuestos en el sector petrolero y gas\u00edfero de Latinoam\u00e9rica puede ser explicada por conflictos distributivos entre las compa\u00f1\u00edas productoras y los gobiernos. Estos conflictos distributivos se originan ya sea por las caracter\u00edsticas de los sistemas impositivos tales como su falta de progresividad y\/o por los incentivos que pueden tener los gobiernos en ciertos momentos de los ciclos de inversi\u00f3n y de precios para renegar oportunistamente de sus acuerdos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En pa\u00edses exportadores netos, en que la prioridad tiende a ser la maximizaci\u00f3n de la renta, como el caso de Venezuela, un sistema impositivo poco progresivo en el contexto de precios crecientes y la eventualidad de encontrarse culminando un ciclo de inversi\u00f3n, incrementaron los incentivos para la expropiaci\u00f3n. Ello se tradujo en cambios radicales en la legislaci\u00f3n y en la renegociaci\u00f3n de los contratos con las compa\u00f1\u00edas privadas. El comportamiento del sector en Argentina, Bolivia y Ecuador pareciera obedecer a din\u00e1micas de ciclos de expropiaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica de caracter\u00edsticas similares. Despu\u00e9s de que en los noventa lograron atraer inversi\u00f3n mediante la privatizaci\u00f3n de sus compa\u00f1\u00edas nacionales (Argentina y Bolivia) y\/o la atracci\u00f3n de inversiones privadas (Ecuador) e incrementaron su producci\u00f3n y\/o reservas, los gobiernos en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os aumentaron su participaci\u00f3n fiscal y renegaron de sus contratos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por otro lado, pa\u00edses importadores netos de petr\u00f3leo y gas como Brasil y Per\u00fa han implementado reformas para atraer capitales privados estableciendo un nuevo marco institucional del sector para hacer m\u00e1s atractiva la inversi\u00f3n. Similarmente, Colombia ante la perspectiva de convertirse en un importador de crudo efectu\u00f3 reformas similares que parecen estar dando resultado. M\u00e9xico a pesar de confrontar recientemente los mismos incentivos que Colombia, no ha podido lograr el consenso pol\u00edtico necesario para implementar las reformas indispensables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los hidrocarburos parecen tener por lo menos un par de d\u00e9cadas m\u00e1s de gran y quiz\u00e1s creciente importancia geopol\u00edtica, por lo que pa\u00edses como Venezuela, con grandes reservas excedentarias, seguir\u00e1n teniendo un rol destacado en dicho escenario. Sin embargo, eventualmente el petr\u00f3leo ir\u00e1 perdiendo su importancia relativa a medida que los cambios tecnol\u00f3gicos lo desplacen por otras energ\u00edas m\u00e1s limpias y\/o m\u00e1s renovables. Por lo tanto, los pa\u00edses dependientes de energ\u00edas f\u00f3siles como Bolivia, Ecuador y Venezuela con las debilidades institucionales que son el legado de dicha dependencia, estar\u00e1n en posiciones muy desventajosas para el desarrollo en comparaci\u00f3n con sus vecinos m\u00e1s diversificados como Brasil, Chile, Colombia, M\u00e9xico y Per\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\nDESCARGAR GRATIS<\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Texto de Francisco Monaldi, director del Centro Internacional de Energ\u00eda y Ambiente del Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administraci\u00f3n (IESA), de Caracas, Venezuela.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":18556,"template":"","tags":[562,574,598,631],"autor-publicacao":[],"colecao":[],"idioma":[495],"plataforma-democratica":[508,510],"tema":[472],"class_list":["post-18552","publicacao","type-publicacao","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-america-latina-2","tag-politica-2","tag-economia-2","tag-plataforma-democratica-2","idioma-espanol","plataforma-democratica-plataforma-democratica-es","plataforma-democratica-documento-de-trabajo","tema-crisis-y-actualizacion-de-la-democracia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa Econom\u00eda Pol\u00edtica del Petr\u00f3leo y el Gas en Am\u00e9rica Latina | Funda\u00e7\u00e3o FHC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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