{"id":27396,"date":"2026-04-13T15:05:23","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T18:05:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/?post_type=debate&#038;p=27396"},"modified":"2026-05-15T16:06:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-15T19:06:01","slug":"series-brazil-through-the-eyes-of-public-leaders-justice-carmen-lucia-on-democracy-distrust-and-the-supreme-court","status":"publish","type":"debate","link":"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/en\/debate\/series-brazil-through-the-eyes-of-public-leaders-justice-carmen-lucia-on-democracy-distrust-and-the-supreme-court\/","title":{"rendered":"Series \u201cBrazil Through the Eyes of Public Leaders\u201d: Justice C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia on Democracy, Distrust and the Supreme Court"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThere can be no democracy without an independent judiciary that commands public trust,\u201d Supreme Court Justice C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia said during a lecture at the FHC Foundation on April 13. \u201cThat does not mean a judiciary admired by everyone. It means citizens must believe that judges rule according to the law and their own honest understanding of it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Speaking before an audience in S\u00e3o Paulo, the justice argued that democratic stability ultimately depends on institutions regarded as impartial, even amid profound political and social change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the outset of her remarks, C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia defended greater openness between the courts and society, saying judges should not isolate themselves in Bras\u00edlia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"embed-responsive-item\"  title=\"Transpar\u00eancia do Supremo Tribunal Federal | C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/spJlKIYqodM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cToday, on a Monday morning, I\u2019m here at the Fernando Henrique Cardoso Foundation speaking with you,\u201d she said. \u201cA judge\u2019s routine is intense, but from time to time we need to step outside the court, accept public invitations and, above all, listen. A judge who sees the world only from an office in Bras\u00edlia \u2014 perhaps the worst place from which to observe reality \u2014 risks losing touch with the country as it actually is.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She said transparency was essential to preserving institutional credibility. \u201cMy schedule is public and available to anyone,\u201d she noted. \u201cThe more transparent we are, the healthier both the judiciary and democratic life become.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The discussion also featured Celso Lafer, president of the FHC Foundation; Oscar Vilhena Vieira, a constitutional law professor at the Getulio Vargas Foundation; and political scientist Sergio Fausto, the foundation\u2019s executive director.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5937-copia-2048x1366-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5937-copia-2048x1366-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5937-copia-2048x1366-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5937-copia-2048x1366-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5937-copia-2048x1366-1-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5937-copia-2048x1366-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia at Funda\u00e7\u00e3o FHC &#8211; Photo: Vinicius Doti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A Crisis of Trust<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opening the debate, Oscar Vilhena Vieira referred to a document prepared by jurists affiliated with the foundation and delivered to Supreme Court President Edson Fachin in late 2025. The report proposed reforms aimed at restoring confidence in the court at a moment when Brazil\u2019s institutions face growing skepticism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHow do you see the process of rebuilding the Supreme Court\u2019s authority?\u201d Vieira asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia responded cautiously, acknowledging both the gravity of the crisis and the difficulty of evaluating it from inside the institution itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAs I learned growing up, a fish does not see the water,\u201d she said. \u201cWhen you are immersed in the turmoil \u2014 not only the criticism but the sheer volume of work \u2014 it becomes extremely difficult to step back and assess the situation clearly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She recalled her own tenure as chief justice between 2016 and 2018, a period she described as one of the hardest of her professional life. In January 2017, Justice Teori Zavascki, who oversaw major corruption investigations, died in a plane crash near Paraty. Weeks later, she lost her father.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI returned to Bras\u00edlia immediately after his funeral to continue holding hearings,\u201d she said. \u201cI\u2019m not complaining. But I know what it means to sit on that court and try, every day, to do the right thing honestly and according to the law.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the justice, the erosion of trust extends far beyond the courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDemocracy depends on confidence \u2014 confidence in institutions, in public life and in one another,\u201d she said. \u201cWhen I was growing up in Espinosa, in the interior of Minas Gerais, there were three central figures in town: the mayor, the priest and the judge.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, she argued, Brazilian society has become far more distrustful, including in personal relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMy parents taught me that if something happened, I should seek out an adult,\u201d she said. \u201cToday, children are often taught not to trust anyone outside their immediate family.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She linked part of that transformation to social media and digital technology, which she said have weakened social bonds and intensified public hostility. \u201cThere is no ready-made answer to this crisis of trust,\u201d she added. \u201cIt has to be rebuilt.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5930-copia-2048x1366-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5930-copia-2048x1366-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5930-copia-2048x1366-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5930-copia-2048x1366-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5930-copia-2048x1366-1-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5930-copia-2048x1366-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia at Funda\u00e7\u00e3o FHC &#8211; Photo: Vinicius Doti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Learn more:\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/en\/debate\/series-brazil-in-the-view-of-public-leaders-with-minister-edson-fachin-president-of-brazilian-federal-supreme-court\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/en\/debate\/series-brazil-in-the-view-of-public-leaders-with-minister-edson-fachin-president-of-brazilian-federal-supreme-court\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018Brazil Through the Eyes of Public <\/a><\/strong><\/em><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/en\/debate\/series-brazil-in-the-view-of-public-leaders-with-minister-edson-fachin-president-of-brazilian-federal-supreme-court\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/en\/debate\/series-brazil-in-the-view-of-public-leaders-with-minister-edson-fachin-president-of-brazilian-federal-supreme-court\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Leaders<\/a><\/em><\/strong><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/en\/debate\/series-brazil-in-the-view-of-public-leaders-with-minister-edson-fachin-president-of-brazilian-federal-supreme-court\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/en\/debate\/series-brazil-in-the-view-of-public-leaders-with-minister-edson-fachin-president-of-brazilian-federal-supreme-court\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">,\u2019<\/a> with Justice Edson Fachin(event held on August 4, 2025)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cThe Supreme Court Didn\u2019t Change Me\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia said the Supreme Court could not remain unchanged, though reforming institutions rooted in long-standing legal culture would be slow and difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe world has changed, Brazil has changed, and constitutional interpretation has become vastly more complex,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She noted that the court, despite its institutional prestige, remains composed of \u201celeven human beings, with limitations, flaws and difficulties.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To improve constitutional jurisprudence, she argued, judges must engage more directly with society itself. \u201cTrust depends on knowledge,\u201d she said. \u201cPeople trust what they understand.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She also delivered one of the event\u2019s most memorable lines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI did not change the Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court did not change me either.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI remain the same person my parents raised,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"embed-responsive-item\"  title=\"\u2018N\u00e3o vou mudar o Supremo, mas o Supremo tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o me mudou\u2019 | C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NmqmGKWpAks?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>An Overwhelmed Court<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Much of the discussion focused on the enormous caseload faced by Brazil\u2019s judiciary after the 1988 Constitution expanded constitutional rights and broadened access to the courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe Constitution constitutionalized nearly everything,\u201d C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia said. \u201cFrom environmental law to public administration to social rights \u2014 everything eventually reaches the Supreme Court.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brazil currently has roughly 18,000 judges and about 80 million pending cases, she noted. The Supreme Court alone has more than 20,000 active proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cPeople say Brazilians no longer trust the judiciary,\u201d she said. \u201cImagine what the numbers would look like if they truly didn\u2019t.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As of April 13, she said, she personally was overseeing 1,056 cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe court is being buried under an overwhelming caseload,\u201d she said. \u201cWhat is demanded of us every day is almost a small miracle.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>New Questions for Old Institutions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The justice also spoke at length about the challenges posed by technological and social change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cEvery morning we wake up to questions humanity has never faced before,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Social media, she argued, has transformed public discourse and created new forms of collective punishment, particularly among young people. Artificial intelligence poses additional uncertainties whose consequences remain unclear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She also warned that debates over free expression online had increasingly been captured by organized political interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe are confronting unprecedented issues,\u201d she said. \u201cClimate change, artificial intelligence, indigenous rights, the digital public sphere \u2014 our old legal toolkit is no longer enough.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"708\" src=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5943-copia-2048x1416-1-1024x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5943-copia-2048x1416-1-1024x708.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5943-copia-2048x1416-1-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5943-copia-2048x1416-1-768x531.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5943-copia-2048x1416-1-1536x1062.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fundacaofhc.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/img-5943-copia-2048x1416-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lecture by C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia at Funda\u00e7\u00e3o FHC. In the background, Oscar Vilhena Vieira and Sergio Fausto \u2013 Photo: Vinicius Doti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Reform and Political Culture<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asked by Sergio Fausto whether Brazil should reduce the number of constitutional matters that can reach the Supreme Court, C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia acknowledged that some form of \u201cdeconstitutionalization\u201d might help alleviate pressure on the court. But she said such reforms would face enormous political resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cEveryone wants their own clause written into the Constitution,\u201d she observed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more viable alternative, she suggested, would be limiting the number of appeals that ultimately reach the Supreme Court. But even that would require a broader cultural shift.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAs a lawyer, I constantly heard clients say, \u2018I was told the Supreme Court can still review this,\u2019\u201d she recalled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She said she once supported proposals championed by former Chief Justice Antonio Cezar Peluso to allow lower courts to definitively resolve certain disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIn theory, people support the idea,\u201d she said. \u201cBut when it becomes their own case, no one wants to give up the possibility of a final appeal.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ultimately, she argued, institutional reform depends not only on legal changes but on democratic culture itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"embed-responsive-item\"  title=\"O Brasil na vis\u00e3o das lideran\u00e7as p\u00fablicas, com a ministra C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/opv7zshe-Io?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWithout civic education \u2014 without a democratic culture that understands rights and the limits of institutions \u2014 these reforms will never truly take root,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A member of Brazil\u2019s Supreme Court since 2006, C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia was the second woman ever appointed to the bench. She served as chief justice between 2016 and 2018 and currently presides over Brazil\u2019s Superior Electoral Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Closing the event, Celso Lafer said the discussion highlighted the importance of constitutional practice in sustaining democratic institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe often analyze these questions from the outside,\u201d he said. \u201cToday we had the rare opportunity to hear from someone living them from within.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ot\u00e1vio Dias is a content editor at the FHC Foundation. A journalist specializing in politics and international affairs, he was a correspondent for Folha in London and editor of the website estadao.com.br.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In her remarks, C\u00e1rmen L\u00facia emphasized the role of institutions in safeguarding fundamental rights and preserving the democratic rule of law, highlighting the importance of an independent, impartial, trustworthy judiciary committed to its civic function.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":27019,"template":"","tags":[519,689],"plataforma-democratica":[],"tema":[468],"tipo-debate":[],"class_list":["post-27396","debate","type-debate","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-democracy-2","tag-federal-supreme-court-2","tema-crisis-and-renewal-of-democracy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Series \u201cBrazil Through the Eyes of Public 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